Safe Streets Alliance v. Alternative Holistic Healing, LLC

          ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S [sic] AMENDED MOTION TO DISQUALIFY THE PLAINTIFF'S [sic] EXPERT PURSUANT TO FRE 702, AND FRE 703 MOTION FOR THE COURT TO APPOINT AN EXPERT(S) PURSUANT TO 104 TO ADDRESS THE SOUNDNESS OF PLAINTIFF'S [sic] EXPERT'S METHODOLOGY

          Robert E. Blackburn United States District Judge

         The matter before me is Defendant's [sic] Amended Motion To Disqualify the Plaintiff's [sic] Expert Pursuant to FRE 702, and FRE 703 Motion for the Court To Appoint an Expert(s) Pursuant to 104 [sic] To Address the Soundness of the Plaintiff's [sic] Expert's Methodology [#217], ^[1] filed June 1, 2018. I deny the motion.^[2]

         Plaintiffs in this case are landowners who allege defendants' operation of a commercial recreational marijuana grow operation adjacent to their land violates the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c), 1964(c) & (d). I already have granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs on the issue whether defendants' actions violate RICO. (See Order Re: Summary Judgment Motions ¶ 1.a. at 15 [#230], filed August 1, 2018.) Remaining for consideration by the jury are the other two elements of a successful RICO claim: (1) whether plaintiffs suffered injury to their business or property; and (2) whether defendants' violation was a cause of that injury. See Safe Streets Alliance v. Hickenlooper, 859 F.3d 865, 881 (10^th Cir. 2017).

         In support of those determinations, plaintiffs proffer the expert testimony of Stephen Billings, an associate professor of real estate at CU-Boulder who holds a doctorate in urban economics and applied econometrics. To estimate the impact of defendants' operation on plaintiffs' property, he has performed a meta-analysis of existing literature on land uses which he posits would produce noises and smells comparable to what properties located near a commercial marijuana grow might experience. Based on that analysis, he concludes plaintiffs' median estimated depreciation on their three properties is slightly more than $24, 000.

         Defendants seek to preclude Dr. Billings from testifying as an expert witness in the trial of this case. Their motion is governed by Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which provides that

[a] witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.

Fed. R. Evid. 702. As interpreted by the Supreme Court, Rule 702 requires an expert's testimony be both reliable, in that the witness is qualified to testify regarding the subject, and relevant, in that it will assist the trier in determining a fact in issue. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589-92, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 2795-96, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993); Truck Insurance Exchange v. MagneTek, Inc., 360 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10^th Cir. 2004). An expert may be qualified by “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to offer an opinion on an issue relevant to the case. Fed.R.Evid. 702(a). See also 103 Investors I, L.P. v. Square D Co., 470 F.3d 985, 990 (10^th Cir. 2006). An expert opinion is reliable when it is based on sufficient facts or data, employs a methodology generally deemed reliable in the expert's field, and properly applies such methods to the facts of the case. See Fed. R. Evid. 702(b), (c), & (d); United States v. Crabbe, 556 F.Supp.2d 1217, 1222-23 (D. Colo. 2008).

         Guided by these principles, I have broad discretion in determining whether expert testimony is sufficiently reliable and relevant to be admissible. Truck Insurance Exchange, 360 F.3d at 1210; Smith v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 214 F.3d 1235, 1243 (10^thCir. 2000). The overarching purpose of the court's inquiry is “to make certain that the expert . . . employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field.” Goebel v. Denver and Rio Grand Western Railroad Co., 346 F.3d 987, 992 (10^th Cir. 2003) (quoting Kumho Tire, 119 S.Ct. at 1176). Generally, “rejection of expert testimony is the exception rather than the rule.” United States v. Nacchio, 519 F.3d 1140, 1154 (10^th Cir. 2008), vacated in part on rehearing en banc, 555 F.3d 1234 (10^th Cir. 2009). See also Fed. R. EVID. 702 (2000 Advisory Comm. Notes). “Vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence.” Daubert, 113 S.Ct. at 2798.

         Defendants' motion is long on argument, but woefully short on authority or analysis. Indeed, it barely satisfies the requirement of D.C.COLO.LCivR 7.1(d) that “a motion involving a contested issue of law shall . . . be supported by a recitation of legal authority in the motion.” Nevertheless, to the extent defendants advance discrete, intelligible arguments, they suggest Dr. Billings should be precluded from testifying because (1) he is not qualified to offer opinions on the subject of land valuation; (2) his methodology is not generally accepted; and (3) his opinions are unreliable and irrelevant. None of these arguments has any traction.

         Defendants' contention that Dr. Billings is not qualified to testify as to the alleged diminution in value of plaintiff's land because he is not an expert in land valuation is specious. Nothing in the federal rules suggests that only one type of training or experience qualifies an expert to offer an opinion on a particular topic. With respect to land value in particular, a landowner herself may offer testimony as to the value of her land as a “skilled witness.” See Fed. R. Evid. 702, Adv. Comm. Notes, 1972 Amendments.

         Although Dr. Billings is not a land appraiser, he has education and experience in applied economics with a focus on real estate. He has studied and written on a variety of topics examining different housing markets and the valuation of housing in relation to various non-structural attributes of the location or condition of the property. Such considerations are the basis of the hedonic price method (“HPM”), a particular way of assessing the value of a piece of property which forms the theoretical foundation of the papers Dr. Billings reviewed in formulating his opinions in this case.^[3] Dr. Billings has experience in the use and application of this method. There thus is no basis on which to conclude Dr. Billings is not qualified to offer the opinions stated in his expert report. Any deficiencies defendants perceive in the fact that he is not a licensed real estate appraiser are matters that go to the weight, not the admissibility, of his testimony, and can be thoroughly explored on cross-examination.

         Although defendants also claim Dr. Billings's methodology is “not commensurate with other experts and professionals in the field, ” they present nothing to substantiate this statement, which appears blatantly untrue in any event. Indeed, defendants do not appear to be questioning the validity vel non of HPM, ^[4] but rather claiming that a marijuana grow is sui generis and therefore not comparable to landfills or airports, the two land uses to which Dr. Billings analogized defendants' operation. That assertion is not self-evident, however, and defendants offer not a shred of proof to buttress their bare assertions that, for example, unlike a landfill, their operation “contains odor control systems” and “does not vent to the outside.”^[5] That the jury ultimately may find such differences compelling provides no basis for precluding Dr. Billings from testifying in the first instance.

         Finally, and as an overarching theme running throughout their motion, defendants challenge the relevance and reliability of Dr. Billings's opinions. In one iteration, this argument suggests Dr. Billings's analysis is fatally flawed because it considers studies of the impacts of various land uses on the valuation of residential properties, whereas plaintiffs' land is zoned for agricultural use. This argument ignores evidence that, regardless of local zoning ordinances, plaintiffs maintain a residence on their land and that such use is consistent with the protective covenants applicable to their properties.^[6] Regardless, though Dr. Billings's opinions are based on allegedly imperfect comparisons between residential and agricultural properties, or between a marijuana grow operation and the commercial uses which were used as comparators, those discrepancies affect only the weight of his opinions, not their admissibility.

         That Dr. Billings did not visit the site and relied on plaintiffs' descriptions of conditions on the land provides no justification for precluding his testimony either. Indeed, the rules specifically contemplate that “[a]n expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed.” Fed.R.Evid. 703. See also United States v. Chapman, 839 F.3d 1232, 1238 (10^thCir. 2016). Thus, “[u]nlike an ordinary witness, an expert is permitted wide latitude to offer opinions, including those that are not based ...